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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#333399">Global HAB Status Report</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> (GHSR)
launched on 8 June 2021.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:black">Components:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">“</span><a href="https://go.nature.com/2SA5uX4"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts,” published
in the Nature journal Communications Earth & Environment</span></a><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, released 8 June 2021.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1">
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/harmful-algae/vol/102/suppl/C"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Special issue of the Elsevier Journal 'Harmful Algae'</span></a><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Open access to key papers.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1">
<a href="index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=28508"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">GHSR Synthesis and Scientific Summary for Policy Makers</span></a><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, released 8 June 2021</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://data.hais.ioc-unesco.org/">The HAIS Data Portal</a></span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1">
<a href="https://conta.cc/3x5zARu"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Press release 8 June 2021 </span></a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">Registration for webinar presenting the GHSR on 15<sup>th</sup> of June:
<a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funesco-org.zoom.us%2Fwebinar%2Fregister%2FWN_zv1aeCmgQ1SY8yWKxsh8YA&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C748da3147f344648debd08d9299d0435%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586576634445555%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=ue%2FHTlT%2FLBqaWe4rdm63mp2k9gFi7E3vHE3ycADfDos%3D&reserved=0">
https://unesco-org.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_zv1aeCmgQ1SY8yWKxsh8YA</a><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div style="margin-top:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-no-break-text"><b><span lang="DA" style="font-size:9.5pt;color:#DC0002;text-transform:uppercase">EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE:</span></b></span><b><span lang="DA" style="font-size:9.5pt;text-transform:uppercase"> <span class="gmail-no-break-text"><span style="color:#DC0002">8-JUN-2021 07:00
ET</span></span> </span></b><span class="gmail-no-break-text"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:9.5pt;text-transform:uppercase">(8-JUN-2021 11:00 GMT/UTC)</span></span><b><span lang="DA" style="font-size:9.5pt;text-transform:uppercase"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<h1 style="mso-margin-top-alt:18.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:25.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#2B2B2B;letter-spacing:-.25pt;font-weight:normal">UN: More harmful algal bloom impacts emerge amid rising seafood demand, coastal development<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="gmail-summary" style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm;box-sizing:border-box">
<i><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:#7B7B7B">UNESCO IOC delivers 1st global assessment report after 7 years' work by 109 experts in 35 countries, creating a baseline to detect and gauge the changing distribution, frequency, and intensity of harmful -- often
poisonous -- algal blooms<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="gmail-metainstitute" style="mso-margin-top-alt:1.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.0pt;margin-left:0cm;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#2B2B2B;text-transform:uppercase">UNESCO INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm;box-sizing:border-box">
<a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Freleaseguidelines&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227408019%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=rQQzLbk5jHcHBP%2B%2FxSB2804ShXnzNd%2B0%2BUsCacpSnnc%3D&reserved=0"><span style="color:red">Research
News</span></a><span style="color:red"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">IMAGE: </span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">ALGAE BLOOM IN BALTIC SEA, WHERE EXTREME BLOOMS ARE A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM. CAPTURED
JUNE 2016, BY THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY SENTINEL-3A SATELLITE, WHICH HELPS MONITOR, FOR EXAMPLE, CONCENTRATIONS OF ALGAE,... </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fmultimedia%2Femb%2F266864.php&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227408019%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=X54P1EKcrRkWbVFREhbVy4EXzqCNGmgnxI7bCsyGi6o%3D&reserved=0"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">view <span class="gmail-no-break-text">more </span></span></b></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="gmail-credit" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#AAAAAA">CREDIT: EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">An unprecedented analysis of almost 10,000 Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events worldwide over the past 33 years was launched today by UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The first-ever global statistical analysis examined ~9,500 HABs events over 33 years and found that the harm caused by HABs rises in step with growth of the aquaculture industry
and marine exploitation and calls for more research on linkages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Conducted over seven years by 109 scientists in 35 countries, the study found that reported HAB events have increased in some regions and decreased or held steady in others. A widely-stated
view that HABs are on the rise throughout the world, perhaps due to climate change, isn't confirmed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">However, the study, "Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts," published in the Nature journal Communications
Earth & Environment, creates the world's first baseline against which to track future shifts in the location, frequency and impacts of HABs, which differ depending on which of the 250 harmful marine algae species is involved and where, requiring assessment
on a species-by-species and site-by-site basis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">A public webinar on Global HAB Status Report will take place Tuesday Jun 15, 2021 at 1 PM, Paris time. To register: </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbit.ly%2F3z3kjCB&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227418011%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=nG58b0fIeIACVcuUaEr6WxBXr5DYyKYWFpIqlEkP0VQ%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">https://bit.ly/3z3kjCB</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Databases mined</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The scientists mined both the global Harmful Algae Event Database (HAEDAT), consisting of 9,503 events with one or more impacts on human society, and the Ocean Biodiversity Information
System (OBIS) database, containing 7 million microalgal observation records, including 289,668 toxic algal species occurrences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The study found that regionally-recorded HAB events, after being corrected for higher levels of monitoring effort, have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Increased:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Central America/Caribbean<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">South America<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Mediterranean<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">North Asia<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Decreased:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">West Coast America<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Australia/New Zealand<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">No significant change:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">East Coast America<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">South East Asia<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Europe<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The 9,503 events' impacts on humans break down as follows:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">48% involved seafood toxins<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo5;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">43% high phytoplankton counts and/or water discolorations with a socio-economic impact<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo5;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">7% mass animal or plant mortalities<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo5;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">2% caused other impacts (including foam and mucilage production)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">(As well, in 11% of events, a single incident had multiple impacts, e.g. both water discoloration and mass mortality)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Of the event records linked to seafood toxins:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">35% were Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">30% Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">9% Ciguatera Poisoning (CP)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">9% marine and brackish water cyanobacterial toxins<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">7% Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (AST)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo6;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">10% others, including Neurotoxic Shellfish Toxins (NST), Azaspiracid Shellfish Toxins (AZA), and toxic aerosols<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">By region, the largest number of records came from, in order:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Europe<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo7;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">North Asia<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo7;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Mediterranean<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo7;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">The east and west coasts of North America<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo7;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Caribbean<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo7;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Pacific/Oceania<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo7;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Southeast Asia<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">With more limited data sets for South America, and Australia/New Zealand<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">All geographic regions were impacted by multiple HAB types, but in varying proportions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo8;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">50% of regional HAEDAT records in the Caribbean, Benguela, Mediterranean Sea, North and South East Asia related to high phytoplankton density problems.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo8;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Seafood toxins and fish kill impacts dominated in all other regions<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Among toxin-related impacts:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) prevailed in North America, the Caribbean, South America, South East Asia, and North Asia<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) were the most frequently recorded in Europe and the Mediterranean (and are an emerging threat in the USA) Neurotoxic Shellfish Toxins (NST) were confined to
the US State of Florida, with a single outbreak also reported from New Zealand<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo9;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Human poisonings from Ciguatera were prominent in the tropical Pacific, the Indian Ocean, Australia and the Caribbean.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">For the most part, however, the impacts were confined to shellfish harvesting area closures; rarely to human poisonings. The exception: Ciguatera event records are almost exclusively
based on medical reports of human poisonings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">HAB events over time</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Eight of nine regions used in the study showed increases in reports logged via HAEDAT of harmful events per year, of which six were statistically significant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The OBIS dataset, meanwhile, generally showed an increase in sampling effort in five of the nine regions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">When all the information was combined, the researchers could find no statistically significant global trend overall.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">They also found, however, that aquaculture production increased 16-fold from a global total 11.35 million tonnes of seafood in 1985 to 178.5 million tonnes in 2018, with the largest
increases occurring in Southeast Asia and South America/Caribbean and Central America, with North America and Europe stabilising.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The number of recorded harmful algal bloom events over time was strongly correlated with intensified aquaculture production in all regions with data suitable for the study.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">However, says lead author Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff of the University of Tasmania: Intensified aquaculture clearly drives an increase in HAB monitoring efforts essential to sustaining
the industry and protecting human health.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"And, just as clearly, a secondary effect of aquaculture is nutrient pollution. But a major data gap exists here. Conducting a meta-analysis of HABs vs aquaculture we had data on
HAB monitoring efforts using OBIS records as a proxy but data on nutrient pollution is inadequate. The relationship between aquaculture-related nutrients and HABs therefore represents an important direction for further research."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Greater monitoring efforts</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The study revealed</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo10;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">A 4-fold increase from 1985 to 2018 in observations of organisms mainly responsible for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (84,392 OBIS records)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo10;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">A 7-fold increase in observations of organisms mainly responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (128,282 OBIS records)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo10;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">A 6-fold increase in observations of organisms mainly responsible for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (9,887 OBIS records)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">(Note: Some observations may include non-toxic species or strains.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">In each case, the clear increase in the number of observations of problematic organisms paralleled an increase in records of associated toxic syndrome impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">They also found that the presence of toxic HAB species doesn't always accurately predict cases of human shellfish poisonings, which the study credits to the food safety risk management
strategies in many affected countries. Some 11,000 non-fatal events related to Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning were reported worldwide, mostly from Europe, South America and Japan, with impacts consisting mostly of shellfish harvesting area closures.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Also, the study says, despite widespread distribution of the responsible algal species, there have been no human fatalities from Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning since the original 1987
incident in Prince Edward Island, Canada (150 illnesses, three fatalities). But ASP-associated mortalities of important marine mammals are of growing concern in Alaska and other parts of western North America, and ASP toxins have been linked to marine mammal
calf mortalities in Argentina.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Of the world's 3,800 human Paralytic Shellfish Poisonings from 1985 to 2018, the largest number (2,555 from 1983 to 2013, including 165 fatalities) occurred in the Philippines,
which depends strongly on aquaculture for human food protein.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">DNA and other advanced detection methods have improved knowledge of the global distribution of ciguatera- causing organisms. Ciguatera poisonings, rarely fatal but annually affecting
10,000 to 50,000 people, have been decreasing in Hawaii and remained stable in French Polynesia and the Caribbean but constitute a new phenomenon in the Canary Islands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Farmed fish killed by algal blooms: Largely a human-generated problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Aquacultured finfish mortalities account for much greater economic damage than HAB-contaminated seafood. Notes the study: wild marine finfish can simply swim away from blooms but
those held captive in intensive aquaculture operations are vulnerable. Recorded losses include US $71 million in Japan in 1972, $70 million in Korea in 1995, $290 million in China in 2012, and $100 million in Norway in 2019.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">A 2016 Chilean salmon mortality event caused a record $800 million loss, causing major social unrest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Again, the presence of fish-killing HAB species doesn't accurately predict economic losses, the study shows. For example, Heterosigma blooms occur on the west and east coasts of
Canada and the US, but fish mortalities are mostly confined to the west coast. In large part, the difference reflects the differences between sites where blooms occur and the relative location and size of aquaculture operations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">A harmful algae species that caused no problems in Australian lagoons killed 50,000 caged fish in Malaysia in 2014. It is now also known in Japan and the Philippines.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The authors note that some troublesome algal species may thrive, others decline, as ocean waters warm and acidify.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Commentary</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"There has been a widely-stated contention that HABs worldwide are increasing in distribution, frequency or intensity, so a quantitative global assessment is long overdue," says
lead author Prof. Hallegraeff of the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"While some of the HAB literature over the past 30 years has handpicked selected examples to claim a global increase and expansion in HABs, this new big data approach shows a much
more nuanced trend," he adds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"Our study concludes that the health and economic damages caused by harmful microalgae -- seafood poisoning, water discolouration that blights tourism, and the death of finfish
in aquaculture operations, for example -- differ between regions."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Adds co-author Adriana Zingone: "We also found that overexploitation acts as a natural multiplier of the effects of HABs, leading to an increase in impacts independent of an actual
trend in HABs."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"It should be noted that over the last 40 years capacity and monitoring efforts to detect harmful species and harmful events have also increased, thus increasing the reporting of
harmful events across the world's seas," she says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"The absence of events and decreasing trends, like all negative results, are rarely published. Whether or not HABs are increasing globally, however, their impacts are a growing
concern all around the globe."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Says co-author Henrik Oksfeldt Enevoldsen: "As the human population continues to increase in tandem with resource demands, HABs will predictably constitute a serious threat in terms
of seafood safety and security, a hindrance to recreational uses of the sea, and a problem for the tourism industry."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"Occurrences of harmful species over time and their human impacts can be expected to change locally, regionally and globally alongside the effects that climate, hydrography and
human pressure impose on the coastal environment."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"Understanding the trends and distribution patterns of harmful species and events at multiple spatial and temporal scales will help predict whether, where and when to expect HABs,
their frequency and intensity. This knowledge is fundamental for effective management of HABs and to optimise the uses and values of the maritime space in coastal areas."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Johan Hanssens, Secretary-General Flanders Department of Economy, Science and Innovation, a sponsor of this report, concluded: "This status report is a very timely reminder, at
the start of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, that a thorough understanding of natural and ecological processes in the ocean is crucial for the development of the blue economy, now that many coastal countries are turning to the sea
for additional resources, including food provisioning. International scientific collaboration is essential and most efficient to address the associated challenges."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">###<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">New interactive portal</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">At a new interactive portal (</span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.hais.ioc-unesco.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227418011%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=gE7uksEB5ltRyQaoA95sA1qyEiO2mylIXykYnIErlDM%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">https://data.hais.ioc-unesco.org</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">),
also launched today, concerned citizens and scientists can extract data and knowledge about HABs occurrences over time at every scale, from local to global.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Key public databases used</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT)</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The only existing database of information about harmful algal events from around the world, summarized into 'events' associated with a management action or negative economic / ecological
impact. Includes cases of non-toxic water discolorations, mucilage, anoxia or other damage to fish. Link: </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhaedat.iode.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227428278%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=IHRBYsGaLLn44zCOS7VKgsN%2BzHp5HXFRTlj7RL4YVmQ%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">http://haedat.iode.org</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">HABMAP-OBIS: Database on the geographic range of Harmful Species</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The Database provides biogeographic information, as referenced maps, of the microalgal species that are listed in the IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Microalgae.
Because entries concern these taxa regardless of the intraspecific variability in toxicity and impacts, the database provides a worldwide map of potential risks related to the occurrence of toxic species. Link: </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fobis.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227428278%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=7sD3OeYfMA4cocPc1IUuENLmL0tbmkGpLLMBXpGV%2FEw%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">https://obis.org</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Microalgae</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Includes formally accepted names of 150+ planktonic or benthic microalgae that have been proven to produce toxins. The number of species in the list has doubled over the years.
Link: </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmarinespecies.org%2Fhab&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227437995%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=veOFDtdKOg%2FAPX%2FBFBXPzKnk2olzbSzbmdmVOBNRLIQ%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">http://marinespecies.org/hab</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">These datasets will help address three main questions in future:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">The distribution of HAB species, HAB events, and toxins globally<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">How the geographic distribution, characteristic, frequency and intensity of HABs are changing and if these changes attributable to global change<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">How climate change alters impacts from HABs on human health, ecosystems, economics, food and water security<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:17.25pt;box-sizing:border-box">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Background</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Algae are essential for life on Earth and for fisheries. But when some species "bloom" they can cause harm in various ways.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Some 5,000 species of microalgae form the foundation of aquatic food chains, help control atmospheric CO2 levels, and produce roughly half of the world's oxygen. The troublemakers
are approximately 250 species that can produce potent toxins or cause harm through their sheer biomass.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">A harmful algal event is broadly defined as "any event where humans, animals or other organisms are negatively affected by algae." These include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">A bioaccumulation of toxins in seafood reaching levels unsafe for human consumption, or a ban on harvesting wild or farmed shellfish or other seafood.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo12;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">An abundance of harmful algae causing the closure of e.g. a beach or desalination plant<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo12;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">A bloom of toxic or non-toxic microalgae causing discoloured water, scum or foam causing damage to tourism<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The Global Harmful Algal Bloom Status Report (GHSR) initiative is funded by the Flanders Government through the DIPS-4-Ocean Assessments project (link) as part of the UNESCO/Flanders
Fund-in-Trust for the support of UNESCO's activities in the field of Science (FUST).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Principal authors: 19 principal authors from 15 countries (including two from Australia, two from France, three from the USA)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, University of Tasmania, Australia<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Donald M. Anderson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Catherine Belin, IFREMER, France<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Marie-Yasmine Bottein, Ecotoxicology and Sustainable Development Expertise, France<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Eileen Bresnan, Marine Scotland, UK<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Mireille Chinain, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241, Tahiti<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Henrik Enevoldsen, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, University of Copenhagen, Denmark<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Mitsunori Iwataki, University of Tokyo, Japan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Bengt Karlson, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Oceanographic Research, Sweden<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Cynthia H. McKenzie, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Inés Sunesen, CONICET - UNLP, Argentina<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Grant C. Pitcher, University of Cape Town, South Africa<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Pieter Provoost, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Belgium<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Anthony Richardson, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, and University of Queensland, Australia<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Laura Schweibold, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, France<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Patricia A. Tester, Ocean Tester, USA<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Vera L. Trainer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Aletta T. Yñiguez, University of the Philippines, Philippines<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:17.25pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo13;box-sizing:border-box">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Adriana Zingone, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italy<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">About the HAB Programme:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbit.ly%2F3l44mUY&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227437995%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=e%2BqK%2BVd3MiLFR0cF4LsGIUz5ZGudalJtw4ZbYdkMGZM%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">https://bit.ly/3l44mUY</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IOC-IPHAB), part of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, initiated the development of the Global HAB Status
Report in Paris in April 2013, developed with the support of the Government of Flanders within the IOC International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) Programme, which manages both the Harmful Algae Event Data Base (HAEDAT: </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhaedat.iode.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227447985%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=V1GyLZfbpYnQOSeP2iwfuKSUpI4eAZR6oKTpstxHywY%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">http://haedat.iode.org</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">)
and the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS: </span><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fobis.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Ch.enevoldsen%40bio.ku.dk%7C4cba4bca00e04f08906008d929efef61%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C637586934227447985%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=OaT3BMorwgb%2F3EfjelzaYJ6Oj18W2d2jut9lYrV4yAI%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0088CC">https://obis.org</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">).
Partners include the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">OBIS focuses on the global distribution of all marine species including those HAB species that are toxic to humans and fish as covered by the IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference list
of Harmful MicroAlgae (a subset of the World Register of Marine Species), while HAEDAT holds information specifically on the HAB events that have adversely impact on human society, whether by high biomass (clogging of fishing nets, beach closures), aquaculture
fish kills, or seafood toxin events leading to shellfish farm closures, human poisonings or even death.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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ENEVOLDSEN</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#002060">
<br>
Head, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae<br>
University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#002060">Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</span><span lang="DA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#002060">+45 23 26 02 46</span><span lang="DA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#002060">E-mail:
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#002060"><a href="mailto:h.enevoldsen@unesco.org"><span lang="DA" style="color:#002060">h.enevoldsen@unesco.org</span></a>
</span><span lang="DA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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